Pharmaceutical Chemistry I

Importance of inorganic drug molecules, pharmacopoeia, and monograph interpretation.

• Importance of inorganic drug molecules in pharmacy
• Pharmacopoeia and official monograph
• Interpretation of pharmacopoeial monograph

Acid-base concepts, buffers, antioxidants, and preservatives used in pharmacy.

• Acid-base concepts (Arrhenius, Lewis, Bronsted-Lowry)
• Boric acid, Hydrochloric acid, Strong ammonia solution
• Calcium hydroxide, Sodium hydroxide
• Buffer solutions and capacity
• Citric acid, Sodium citrate, Sodium phosphate
• Antioxidants and Preservatives: Sodium benzoate, Methylparaben, Propylparaben
• Sodium metabisulphite, BHA, BHT

Antacids, protective agents, adsorbents, and laxatives.

• Acidifying agent: Dilute Hydrochloric acid
• Antacids: Calcium Carbonate, Aluminium hydroxide gel, Magnesium Hydroxide, Magaldrate, Magnesium Trisilicate
• Rational combination antacid therapy
• Protective and adsorbents: Bismuth subsalicylate, Light Kaolin
• Laxative: Magnesium Sulphate

Protective, antimicrobial, and astringent agents for topical use.

• Protective: Talc, Zinc Oxide, Calamine
• Antimicrobial: H₂O₂, KMnO₄, Chlorinated lime, Iodine, Povidone iodine, Silver nitrate
• Sulphur compounds: Precipitated sulphur, Selenium sulphide
• Astringents: Alum, Zinc sulphate

Anti-caries agents, dentifrices, and desensitizing agents.

• Anti-caries: Sodium fluoride, Stannous fluoride
• Dentifrices: Calcium carbonate, Dibasic calcium phosphate
• Desensitizing: Potassium nitrate, Strontium chloride

Inhalants, expectorants, antidotes, and hematinics.

• Inhalants: Oxygen, Carbon dioxide
• Expectorants: Ammonium chloride, Potassium iodide
• Antidotes: Sodium nitrite, Activated Charcoal
• Hematinics: Ferrous Fumarate

Physiological role of electrolytes, replacement therapy, acid-base balance.

• Physiological role of major electrolytes (Cl, PO₄, HCO₃, Na, K, Ca, Mg)
• Replacement therapy: Sodium chloride, Potassium chloride, Calcium gluconate
• Acid-base balance: Sodium acetate, Potassium acetate, Sodium bicarbonate, Potassium citrate
• Combination therapy: Ringer Lactate solution, ORS

Radioactivity, radioisotopes, and contrast media.

• Radioactivity, Alpha, Beta, Gamma radiations, GM Counter
• Radioisotopes: Iodine-131, Gold-198, Technetium-99m, Calcium-47
• Contrast Media: Barium Sulphate

QC/QA, impurities, limit tests, identification tests, melting/boiling point, errors, volumetric analysis.

• Quality control and Quality assurance
• Sources of impurities and Tests of purity
• Limit tests: Chloride, Sulphate, Iron, Heavy metals
• Identification tests for Cations (Al, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Ag, Na, K)
• Identification tests for Anions (Halides, Phosphate, Sulphate, Bicarbonate, Carbonate, Nitrate)
• Melting point and boiling point determination
• Errors, classification, minimization, Precision and accuracy
• Volumetric Analysis: Equivalent weight, Standard solutions, Concentration expressions (Molarity, Normality, Molality)

Acid-base titration, redox titration (iodometry, iodimetry), indicators, pH curves.

• Titration terminologies (Titrant, titrand, indicator, endpoint, equivalence point)
• Acid-base titration: Acidimetry and alkalimetry
• Acid-base indicators and selection
• pH curves (strong acid-strong base, weak acid-weak base, etc.)
• Normality factor and normality equation
• Redox titration: Iodometry and Iodimetry

Principles and types of chromatography, column chromatography, HPLC.

• Definition and terms in chromatography
• Column Chromatography: Principle, stationary/mobile phase, wet/dry packing, elution techniques
• HPLC: Definition and application